{"id":13510,"date":"2017-11-06T16:33:44","date_gmt":"2017-11-06T15:33:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xnet-x.net\/?p=13510"},"modified":"2021-07-27T11:09:26","modified_gmt":"2021-07-27T09:09:26","slug":"espana-lidera-una-gravisima-amenaza-para-las-libertades-el-emprendimiento-y-el-acceso-la-informacion-y-al-conocimiento-en-internet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xnet-x.net\/es\/espana-lidera-consejo-ue-amenaza-libertades-internet-censorshipmachine\/","title":{"rendered":"Espa\u00f1a lidera una grav\u00edsima amenaza para las libertades, el emprendimiento y el acceso a la informaci\u00f3n y al conocimiento en Internet"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Las presiones que denunciamos hacen mella: el Consejo de la Uni\u00f3n Europea quiere endurecer el copyright #CensorshipMachine<\/h3>\n

Hace unos d\u00edas Xnet y Copyright for Creativity publicamos documentos filtrados por Statewatch en los que se revelaban las presiones del Gobierno espa\u00f1ol<\/a>, junto con el de Francia y Portugal, sobre el Consejo en favor de la implantaci\u00f3n de tecnolog\u00edas autom\u00e1ticas de escaneo y filtrado masivo de contenidos, la llamada #CensorshipMachine<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

El Consejo de la Uni\u00f3n Europea, presidido por Estonia, acaba de publicar su propuesta de compromiso<\/a> para la reforma en curso de la Directiva de Copyright en la UE. Respecto al art\u00edculo 13 – escaneo y filtrado masivo de contenidos autom\u00e1tico, tambi\u00e9n conocido como #CensorshipMachine<\/a> -, el texto es altamente alarmante ya que el Consejo ha empeorado la ya de por s\u00ed mala propuesta de la Comisi\u00f3n Europea agravando el desproporciono ataque a la libertad de expresi\u00f3n e informaci\u00f3n y privacidad<\/strong>. Esto es el fruto de las presiones que denunciamos. M\u00e1s abajo podemos ver en la tabla comparativa elaborada por Copyright for Creativity c\u00f3mo la propuesta del Consejo satisface las demandas del Gobierno espa\u00f1ol, franc\u00e9s y portugu\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Es adem\u00e1s muy alarmante ver como la presidencia de estonia se han subido al carro de \u00abvamos a reescribirlo todo\u00bb sugiriendo una redefinici\u00f3n del concepto de \u00abcomunicaci\u00f3n p\u00fablica\u00bb con la que logran equiparar casi todo Internet con The Pirate Bay<\/strong>. B\u00e1sicamente considera que todos los proveedores de servicios de la sociedad de la informaci\u00f3n que organizan contenido subido por sus usuarios son culpables hasta que se demuestre lo contrario<\/strong> y, por extensi\u00f3n, todos sus usuarios<\/strong>. Esta postura contradice el enfoque cuidadosamente ponderado del TJUE sobre \u00abcomunicaci\u00f3n p\u00fablica\u00bb y el hecho de que los muchos criterios que ha identificado a lo largo de los a\u00f1os no pueden leerse aisladamente unos de otros.<\/p>\n

Esta doctrina legal de pasar por encima de la presunci\u00f3n de inocencia ejemplifica la deriva autoritaria de la UE de la que el Gobierno espa\u00f1ol es ampliamente part\u00edcipe. Un enfoque jur\u00eddico que llevamos tiempo denunciando, el de tratar Internet como un espacio aparte del mundo real en el que existe una mayor flexibilidad para pasar por encima de nuestros derechos y libertades. Sin embargo, nuestros derechos son los mismos en Internet y deben tener las mismas garant\u00edas<\/strong>. Recordamos una vez m\u00e1s que si permitimos que esta narrativa de \u00abexcepci\u00f3n\u00bb se instaure en Internet se genera una, pendiente resbaladiza que consiente socavar sin remedio y con gran ligereza los derechos en cada vez m\u00e1s \u00e1mbitos, tal y como lo estamos viendo claramente en estas \u00faltimas semanas.<\/p>\n

El ciclo es siempre el mismo: primero en Internet y luego en el espacio f\u00edsico, haciendo retroceder todos los derechos y libertades que ya estaban afianzadas.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Xnet seguimos trabajando y en campa\u00f1a junto a organizaciones internacionales para defender el enlace y los derechos y libertades de los usuarios en la directiva de copyright #SavetheLink<\/a> \/ #SavetheMeme<\/a> \/ stop the #CensorshipMachine<\/a> <\/p>\n

Seguimos<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

TABLA COMPARATIVA<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Amendment proposed by the
\nFrench, Spanish & Portuguese delegations<\/strong><\/th>\n		Consolidated Estonian Presidency compromise proposal<\/strong><\/th>\nImpact of the proposed changes<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Article 13<\/strong><\/td>\nArticle 13<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Use of protected content by information society service providers storing and giving access to works and other subject-matter uploaded by their users<\/td>\nUse of protected content by information society service providers storing and giving access to large amounts of<\/span> works and other subject-matter uploaded by their users<\/td>\nBoth proposals<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

While the distinction of \u2018large amounts\u2019 is questionable as a criteria, at least it places some limits to the scope of Article 13. Removing this means  that all<\/span> platforms, big or small, are covered by this provision. There is text implementing a form of size limit introduced in the paragraphs of the article (see below). The text also suggests that platforms \u2018use\u2019 content that is upload by third parties.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1. Member States shall provide that <\/strong>information service providers that <\/strong>store works or other subject-matter <\/strong>uploaded by their users and are <\/strong>actively involved in providing access <\/strong>to the public to such contents, <\/strong>including by optimizing the <\/strong>presentation of the uploaded works or <\/strong>subject-matter or promoting them, <\/strong>perform an act of communication to <\/strong>the public within the meaning of <\/strong><\/span>Article 3 of Directive 2001\/29\/EC <\/span>and <\/strong>are deemed not to fall under Article 14 <\/strong>of Directive 2000\/31\/EC.<\/strong><\/td>\n1. <\/strong>Member States shall provide that an information<\/u><\/strong> society service providers that<\/span> provider whose main or one of the main purposes is to<\/u><\/strong> store and provide<\/span> give access <\/u><\/strong>to the public access<\/span> to large amounts of<\/span> copyright protected<\/u> <\/strong>works or other protected<\/u><\/strong> subject- matter uploaded by their<\/span> its<\/u><\/strong> users shall,<\/span> is performing an act of communication to the public or an act making available to the public within the meaning of Article 3(1) and (2) of Directive 2001\/29\/EC<\/span> when it intervenes<\/u><\/strong> in cooperation<\/span> full knowledge of the consequences of its action to give the public access to those copyright protected works or other protected subject matter by organising these works or other subject matter <\/u><\/strong>with rightholders,<\/span> the aim of obtaining profit from their use.<\/u><\/strong><\/td>\nThe Estonian proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Both proposals are redefining when online platforms engage in a communication to the public. However, the Estonian proposal introduces many subtleties by, amongst other things:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • categorising platforms according to their main purpose or one of their main purposes (who\u2019s going to judge this?); and,<\/li>\n
  • punishing service providers for organising content in a findable manner.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The result is a bonanza of legal uncertainty.<\/p>\n

    The FR, ES, PT proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    This provision creates the risk for online platform hosting and giving access to any form of user-uploaded content to (1) engage in a communication to the public and (2) lose their intermediary liability exemption under the e-commerce Directive<\/strong>. Only 2 conditions have to be met, namely to:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. store works or other subject-matter uploaded by their users; and be,<\/li>\n
    2. actively involved in providing access to the public to such contents.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Suddenly Wikimedia is communicating to the public and is no longer protected under the intermediary liability exemption. But, so is a university hosting a repository for its researchers to make their publications available, or a newspaper with a comments section.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

They should negociate with rightholders and conclude licensing agreements. These agreements might cover the liability of the uploaders when they are not acting in a professional capacity, for such acts falling within Articles 2 and 3 of Directive 2001\/29\/EC.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\nThe FR, ES, PT proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

This imposes a mandatory obligation to conclude licensing agreements. To us that seems contrary to contractual freedom.<\/strong> What if both parties prefer another form of agreement than a license? What if the terms of the only agreement proposed are absurd?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

2. Without prejudice to paragraph 1, Member States shall ensure that all<\/strong> information society service providers that store and give access to significant amounts of copyright protected<\/strong> works<\/span> or other subject-matter uploaded by their users, upon request from rightholders and subject to supply of the necessary data to allow the identification of their <\/strong>content by service providers, take measures<\/strong> to prevent the availability on their services of works or other subject-matter identified by rightholders.<\/p>\n

Those measures, such as the use of effective content recognition technologies, shall be appropriate and proportionate. This is without prejudice to the possibility for rightholders and information service providers of entering into voluntary agreements allowing for the use of the protected content.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

1a.<\/u> <\/span>Without prejudice to paragraph 1, Member States shall ensure that an information society service provider that stores and provides access to the public to a significant amount of works<\/span> or other protected subject-matter uploaded by their users who do not hold the relevant rights in the content uploaded<\/u><\/strong> take effective<\/u><\/strong> measures:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

a)<\/u><\/strong> to ensure the functioning of agreements concluded with rightholders for the use of their works or other subject-matter; or<\/p>\n

b) in the absence of an agreement,<\/u><\/strong> to prevent the availability on their services of works or other subject-matter identified by rightholders through the cooperation with.<\/span><\/p>\n

The measures shall be applied by<\/u><\/strong> the information society<\/u><\/strong> service providers. Those measures, such as<\/span> at the use of effective content recognition technologies,<\/span> request of rightholders to specific works and other subject-matter as identified by them. The measures<\/u><\/strong> shall be appropriate and proportionate, taking into account, among others, the nature of the services, the type of works or other protected subject-matter uploaded by the users of the services, the availability and costs of relevant technologies and their effectiveness in light of technological developments.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Both proposals<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The notion of \u2018large amounts\u2019 is being turned into \u2018significant amounts\u2019. However, this does not solve anything, as this remains an undefined legal concept that has been criticised by academics, such as the Max Planck Institute<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Estonian proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The Estonians are trying to obfuscate the fact that Article 13 remains a censorship filter by removing the reference to the use of effective content recognition technologies. However, online platforms still need to take \u2018effective<\/span>\u2018 measures to uphold their agreements with rightholders (which could contain requirements for platforms to use effective content recognition technologies), or in the absence of an agreement they still need to prevent<\/span> the availability on their services of works or other subject-matter identified by rightholders. The latter will be very hard to achieve for online platform without the use of effective content recognition technologies! The fact that the paragraph keeps referring to the use technologies leaves no doubt about this.<\/p>\n

Here again the Estonians try to add lots of words (e.g. availability, costs, effectiveness, etc.) that in their view seems to ease the pain at first sight. However, these criteria do not acknowledge that the market for filtering technologies only has a limited number of players and even less who provide \u2018effective\u2019 solutions. It also forgets that the discussions on implementing these measures will start at a level of \u2018rightholder threatens to sue platform\u2019, where the platform is likely to pretty much do anything to avoid liability and court cases in general.<\/p>\n

The FR, ES, PT proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

This provision then ensures that all<\/span> online platform storing and giving access to user uploaded content are being pushed into implementing  effective content recognition technologies<\/strong>, as they need to prevent<\/span> the availability of any content identified by the rightholders.<\/p>\n

Even if an online platform would conclude voluntary agreements with rightholders for the use of their content, this provision clearly does not safeguard them from being pushed into implementing effective content recognition technologies on their platform. So, as a platform you are going to be bullied in all directions, from bad agreements to even worse filtering measures.<\/p>\n

Moreover, the logic still remains one of pushing the handling of EU citizens fundamental freedoms outside the rule of law, as the measures taken will be done so under the terms and conditions of the platforms.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

3. Member States shall ensure that information society service providers<\/strong> shall provide rightholders with adequate information on the functioning and the deployment of the measures referred to in paragraph 2.<\/strong><\/td>\n1b.<\/u><\/strong> The information society<\/u><\/strong> service providers<\/span> provider<\/u><\/strong> shall provide rightholders, at their request,<\/u><\/strong> with adequate information on the functioning and the<\/span> deployment of the measures, as well as, when relevant, adequate reporting on the recognition and<\/span> use of the works and other protected<\/u><\/strong> subject-matter.<\/td>\nThe Estonian proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The Estonians are adding some burden on the rightholders, as they now have to request online platforms to give information them about their filtering efforts.<\/p>\n

The provision also removes the reference to information on the recognition of works, but still remains more detailed than the vague provision put forward by the French, Spanish and Portuguese Troika.<\/p>\n

The FR, ES, PT proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Where initially it was up to the online platform to give information about their filtering efforts to the rightholders, Member States are now being dragged in to ensure that they do so. We can imagine that Spain, France and Portugal are keen on taking up this role as \u2018whip\u2019 to ensure discipline amongst online platforms. However, it remains to be seen<\/span> if other Member States are as comfortable with it.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n2<\/span>1c.<\/u><\/strong> Member States shall ensure that for<\/u><\/strong> the service providers referred to in paragraph 1 put in place complaints and redress mechanisms that are available to users in case<\/span> purpose <\/u><\/strong>of disputes over<\/span> the application of the measures referred to in paragraph 1<\/span>1a to specific works or other subject-matter of rightholders, the rightholders shall provide an information society service provider with the necessary data.<\/u><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. Member States shall ensure that the information<\/strong> service providers referred to in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2<\/strong> put in place complaints and redress mechanisms that are available to users in case of disputes over the application of the measures referred to in paragraph 2. Any complaint filed by a user under the mechanism shall be processed by the relevant rightholder within a reasonable period of time. The rightholder shall duly justify his\/her decision.<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n2. Member States shall ensure that the measures referred to in paragraph 1a shall be implemented by an information society service provider without prejudice to the freedom of expression and information of their users and the possibility for the users to benefit from an exception or limitation to copyright. For that purpose the service provider shall put in place a complaint and redress mechanism that is available to users of the service in case of disputes over the implementation of the measures. Complaints submitted under this mechanism shall be processed by the relevant rightholders within a reasonable period of time. The rightholder shall duly justify its decision.<\/span><\/u><\/strong><\/td>\nBoth proposals<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The recent recommendation of 56 academic already  criticised the idea of promoting the rightholders to judge, jury, and executioner. Because the rightholder is \u201ca party with strong incentives to disallow use\u201d<\/strong> (p. 13). Their comment was made in the context of the Estonian Presidency\u2019s compromise proposal, which coincidentally also proposed to do the same.<\/p>\n

Ensuring that the \u201crightholder shall duly justify his\/her decision\u201d is just putting a band-aid over bad legislation that will severely hamper citizens freedom of expression online. Neither the service providers nor the user will likely be tempted to pick a fight with the rightholder over their decision.<\/p>\n

Oh, and still no courts involved: remember, this is all happening outside the rule of law!<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n2a. Member States shall ensure that the obligations set out in this Article apply to information society service providers established in their territory in accordance with Directive 2000\/31\/EC and to information society service providers of third countries who offer their services of storing and providing access to works or other protected subject-matter uploaded by their users who do not hold relevant rights in the content in the European Union.<\/u><\/strong><\/td>\nThe Estonian proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The Estonians want to remind everyone that there is no escape to this legislation by establishing one\u2019s business outside of the EU. However, we have serious doubts about the enforcement of this provision against rogue websites based in 3rd countries. Therefore, we fear that this provision will remain toothless against the real infringing websites, whilst breaking the Internet for all users and for law abiding online platforms.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

5. Member States shall facilitate, where appropriate, the cooperation between the service providers and rightholders through stakeholder dialogues to define best practices, such as the use of<\/strong> appropriate and proportionate content recognition technologies, taking into account, among others, the nature of the services, the availability and costs<\/strong> of the technologies and their effectiveness in light of technological developments.<\/td>\n3. Member States shall facilitate, where appropriate, the cooperation between the information society service providers and rightholders through stakeholder dialogues to define best practices, such as the use of<\/u><\/strong> appropriate and proportionate content recognition<\/span> technologies, taking into account, among others, the nature of the services, the availability of the technologies and their effectiveness in light of technological developments<\/span>.<\/td>\nThe Estonian proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Just as in paragraph 1 the Estonians think they can alleviate a lot of the concerns surrounding the proposal by no longer explicitly talking about content recognition. This makes us wonder which \u2018appropriate and proportionate technologies\u2019 Estonian companies have invented that will magically do everything required by this Article without applying content recognition? The explicit reference to \u2018technologies\u2019 leaves very little room for alternative measures .<\/p>\n

The FR, ES, PT proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Talking about the cost of filtering technologies is the delegations\u2019 attempt at throwing in an artificial sweetener to make it easier to swallow this bitter pill for online platforms. However, doing so neglects the fact that implementing \u2018effective<\/span> content recognition technologies\u2019 it\u2019s not that easy as throwing a couple of bucks at it, as we have previously explained<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Moreover, effective is just another word for \u2018when in doubt, block\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n4. Member States shall determine the sanctions applicable to infringements of the obligations set in this Article. The sanctions provided shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be without prejudice to European Union and national applicable laws on enforcement of intellectual property rights.<\/u><\/strong><\/td>\nThe Estonian proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The reform claims to harmonise copyright in the digital single market, but instead this provision encourages the creation of 27 different sets of sanctions.  Talk about missing the boat entirely!<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n5. Member states shall provide that agreements concluded between information society service providers which store and give access to works and other protected subject-matter uploaded by their users referred in paragraphs 1 and 1a above, and relevant rightholders, shall cover the liability of the users of the information society services, when they are not acting in a professional capacity, for acts falling within Article 3 of Directive 2001\/29\/EC.<\/u><\/strong><\/td>\nThe Estonian proposal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

This notion of \u2018professional capacity\u2019 is very difficult for online platforms to assess. Should they start asking all their users to provide their VAT or company number if they have one in order to define who\u2019s \u2018acting in a professional capacity\u2019?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tabla en PDF:
\nhttp:\/\/copybuzz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Art13_Troika_EE_Comparison.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n en:
\nhttp:\/\/copybuzz.com\/analysis\/estonian-presidency-censorship-oops\/<\/a> (ingl\u00e9s)
\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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